In our latest Focus Talk, one of the UK's leading economists John Kay talks to Investec UK Chief Economist Philip Shaw about the difficulty of using economic models for predictions in a volatile world.

They also discuss two key themes in his latest book, "Greed is dead: Politics After Individualism", namely practical solutions to the polarisation of the global political economy and the changing role of business in society. The book, which he co-authored with fellow economist Paul Collier, "calls for an end to extreme individualism as the engine of prosperity".

“We have in economics adopted an approach to thinking about uncertainty which assumes you can attach probabilities to more or less every conceivable event and that choice under uncertainty framework has dominated economics for 50 years … and that is simply not how people either could or do think about uncertainty.” 

“We economists have had a picture of rationality for the last half century that says, roughly speaking, if the world isn't like our model then there's something wrong with the world, and it needs to be reframed in accordance with our models. I think that's an approach which I hope we will start to get away from.”

“I think one of the great lessons which economists have to teach people is the costs of obtaining information are very small relative to the cost of bad decisions based on poor information, and I think there's been a lot of that in the last year.”

“It's very hard to believe you can ever construct an organisation of people who only know each virtually. Indeed, when we see the social media issues and problems we have, we can see all the negatives around people who only know each other virtually.”

“If you want to refute the idea that governments can print as much money as they need to finance whatever they want to do, you can look at the success of these policies in countries like Venezuela and Zimbabwe and I think at that point you think again.”